Romans 5:18

“Therefore as by the offence of one, etc..] Or by one offence, as before, the guilt of which is imputed to, and [judgment came] upon all men to condemnation; which word is used in a legal sense, and intends condemnation to eternal death, as appears from the antithesis in the text; for if “justification of life”, means an adjudging to eternal life, as it certainly does, the judgment or guilt, which is unto condemnation, must design a condemnation to eternal death, the just wages of sin: and this sentence of condemnation comes upon all men, all the sons of Adam without exception, even upon the elect of God themselves; though it is not executed upon them, but on their surety, whereby they are…”

“Therefore--now at length resuming the unfinished comparison of Rom 5:12, in order to give formally the concluding member of it, which had been done once and again substantially, in the intermediate verses. as by the offence of one judgment came--or, more simply, "it came." upon all men to condenmation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came--rather, "it came." upon all men to justification of life--(So CALVIN, BENGEL, OLSHAUSEN, THOLUCK, HODGE, PHILIPPI). But better, as we judge: "As through one offense it [came] upon all men to condemnation; even so through one righteousness [it came] upon all men to justification of life"--(So BEZA, GROTIUS, FERME, MEYER, DE WETTE, ALFORD,…”

“Therefore - Wherefore (Ἄρα οὖν ara oun). This is properly a summing up, a recapitulation of what had been stated in the previous verses. The apostle resumes the statement or proposition made in Romans 5:12, and after the intermediate explanation in the parenthesis Romans 5:13-17, in this verse and the following, sums up the whole subject. The explanation, therefore, of the previous verses is designed to convey the real meaning of Romans 5:18-19. As by the offence of one - Admitting this as an undisputed and everywhere apparent fact, a fact which no one can call in question. Judgment came - This is not in the Greek, but it is evidently implied, and is stated in Romans 5:16. The meaning…”

“Justification of life - Is that sentence of God, by which a sinner under sentence of death is adjudged to life. Romans 5:19”

“5:18 Christ’s one act of righteousness refers to his death on the cross, a righteous act because Christ chose to die in obedience to the Father’s will (see John 10:18). • new life for everyone: Paul is not teaching that all people will experience the new life that Christ won through his death on the cross. New life is available to everyone through Christ, but not everyone receives it.”

“the offence: or, one offence upon: Rom 5:12, Rom 5:15, Rom 5:19, Rom 3:19, Rom 3:20 the righteousness: or, one righteousness, Rom 3:21, Rom 3:22; Pe2 1:1 all men: Joh 1:7, Joh 3:26, Joh 12:32; Act 13:39; Co1 15:22; Ti1 2:4-6; Heb 2:9; Jo1 2:20 Romans 5:19”